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Jeff Shepard

What’s the difference between equalizers?

May 5, 2022 By Jeff Shepard

Equalizers are used to alter the performance of signal chains. In some cases, that means linearizing signal chain performance. In other cases, equalizers are used to introduce nonlinearities. As a result, equalizer designs vary widely from simple passive circuits to complex multi-stage designs and active circuits. This FAQ reviews equalizer basics, looks at equalizers for […]

Filed Under: Analog ICs, Applications, FAQ, Featured, filters, Products, Telecommunications, Wireless Tagged With: FAQ

How does a precision rectifier work?

May 4, 2022 By Jeff Shepard

A precision rectifier, sometimes called a super diode, is an op amp circuit designed to behave like an ideal diode and is used in high-precision signal processing applications. It’s not a synchronous rectifier. The op-amp-based precision rectifier should not be confused with power MOSFET-based synchronous rectification. Because there is no diode voltage drop between the […]

Filed Under: Applications, Audio, FAQ, Featured, Industrial, Medical Tagged With: FAQ

What do you do with a bucket brigade device?

May 3, 2022 By Jeff Shepard

A bucket brigade device (BBD) is a discrete-time analog delay line using capacitors that has been replaced in most digital signal processing applications. But it continues to be used in some specialty applications such as guitar and audio sound effects and some types of sensors. It consists of a series of capacitance sections where a […]

Filed Under: Analog ICs, FAQ, Featured, mixed-signal Tagged With: FAQ

What’s a logarithmic resistor ladder good for?

May 2, 2022 By Jeff Shepard

A logarithmic resistor ladder consists of a resistor string and switches designed to attenuate a signal. The state of the switches can be considered to represent a digital code proportional to the logarithm of the attenuation ratio. Logarithmic attenuation is useful when a large dynamic range is needed. Audio volume control and fading/balancing audio signals […]

Filed Under: 5G, Analog ICs, Applications, attenuator, FAQ, Featured, mixed-signal, Products, Resistors, Telecommunications, Wireless Tagged With: FAQ

Where do you use A, B, AB, D, G, DG and H circuits?

April 29, 2022 By Jeff Shepard

This selection of power amplifier classes is used to strengthen AC signals. The letter symbols differentiate between amplifier types and indicate the expected performance and characteristics. Basic amplifier classes such as A, B, AB, and C relate to the time that the amplifier is operating, or conducting, expressed as a fraction of the period of […]

Filed Under: Amplifiers, FAQ, Featured, Products Tagged With: FAQ

What causes noise in analog designs and how can it be controlled?

April 25, 2022 By Jeff Shepard

Controlling noise in analog and mixed-signal circuits is important but not simple. Data integrity is dependent on controlling noise in the signal chain. If left uncontrolled, noise can impair or disrupt system operation. This FAQ starts by looking at the various sources and types of noise, looks at how noise can enter the signal chain […]

Filed Under: Analog ICs, FAQ, Featured, mixed-signal Tagged With: FAQ

Five considerations for mixed-signal PCB layouts

April 20, 2022 By Jeff Shepard

Printed circuit board (PCB) layout is an important activity when developing mixed-signal applications. A lot can go wrong, and everything needs to be correct for a successful design. Impedance control is an obvious consideration, but it needs to include trace resistance as well as parasitic inductances and capacitances. Maintaining signal integrity can be challenging. This […]

Filed Under: Analog ICs, FAQ, Featured, PCB design Tagged With: FAQ

When is a high CMRR needed in an op amp?

April 19, 2022 By Jeff Shepard

Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), also called common mode rejection (CMR), quantifies the ability of an operational amplifier (op amp) to reject common-mode signals. Common-mode signals are signals that appear simultaneously and in phase on both inputs. This FAQ begins by defining what CMRR is and how it’s quantified, reviews some design considerations related to […]

Filed Under: Amplifiers, Analog ICs, FAQ, Featured, Products Tagged With: FAQ

What is PSRR and why is it important in op amps and LDOs?

April 18, 2022 By Jeff Shepard

The power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) describes the ability of a circuit to suppress any power supply variations from passing to its output signal and is typically measured in dB. It’s most often used with operational amplifiers (op amps), dc/dc converters, linear regulators, and low drop out regulators (LDOs). For op amps, the PSRR describes […]

Filed Under: Amplifiers, Automotive, FAQ, Featured, Industrial, Medical, Products Tagged With: FAQ

3D printing for 5G systems

August 10, 2021 By Jeff Shepard

MIMO antennas, waveguides, traveling wave tubes, and RF substrates are fabricated using various 3D printing technologies. For example, 3D printing has been used to produce highly dense and integrated waveguide signal interconnects modules in a single monolithic unit. By printing the waveguide modules in one component, the part count was significantly reduced from tens or […]

Filed Under: 5G, Applications, FAQ, Featured, Wireless Tagged With: FAQ

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