Tips for preventing problems could fill a book, especially if every professor, technician, or engineer were to contribute tricks and tips that they have learned over the years. However, many will agree that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Here, we present a few general tips that may seem obvious to […]
Transimpedance amplifier role in current to voltage conversion
A transimpedance amplifier (TIA) converts current to voltage. Transimpedance amplifiers can be used to process the current output of photodiodes, pressure transducers, accelerometers, and other types of sensors to a voltage formatted as a useable signal output. TIAs provide simple linear signal processing using an operational amplifier and a resistor for dissipating current. Figure 1 […]
Ground rules: earth, chassis, and signal ground
In analog design, the relationship of a signal to ground is of fundamental concern (and can create issues in digital designs, too.) However, “ground” as a concept can be confusing as it relates to three different situations: chassis ground, signal ground, or earth ground. All three indicate connecting to a point of (theoretically) zero voltage, […]
What are the noisiest resistors?
Noise in circuits is always going to exist in one way or another. For those working with or designing electronics, noise can ride the working signal and can obscure small signals altogether. Barring any other sources of noise, if very low-level signals are important, you may want to look at your resistors. Resistors are inherently […]
What’s the difference between instrumentation and precision amplifiers?
Instrumentation amplifiers (INAs) are precision devices, but they have a particular function and aren’t another type of operational amplifier (op amp). Instrumentation amplifiers are not op amps; you can’t configure them in a multitude of ways, and you only set gain to a chosen value, and only within a specified range. So op amps are […]
Digital filters vs. Analog filters
Digital and analog filters both take out unwanted noise or signal components, but filters work differently in the analog and digital domains. Analog filters will remove everything above or below a chosen cutoff frequency, whereas digital filters can be more precisely programmed. Analog filters that remove signals above a certain frequency are called low pass […]
What is an op amp?
Op Amps or operational amplifiers, are fundamental building blocks in electronic design, mainly because these analog integrated circuits (ICs) are very versatile. Operational amplifiers can do more than amplify, or add “gain” to a signal, but it is a fundamental function that an op amp can magnify an input signal (and also any noise in […]
What is feedback?
Feedback is a term that describes comparing the actual output of a system to the desired output and adjusting the actual output to produce the desired end result. For example, the human nervous system provides constant feedback to the brain, especially when pain is felt for avoiding further bodily harm. In electronics, feedback is defined […]
