The well-known and extensively analyzed lumped-element bandpass filter is generally not suitable for the RF/microwave region, but there are many distributed-element, energy-based alternatives. Part 1 of this article established the context for these RF/microwave filters, which operate in the spectrum from several hundred MHz and higher, and increasingly cannot use discrete lumped-circuit elements (RLCs). Instead, […]
RF/Microwave bandpass filter implementations, Part 1: Distributed filters
The well-known and extensively analyzed lumped-element bandpass filter is generally not suitable for the RF/microwave region, but there are many distributed-element, energy-based alternatives. Just say the word “filters,” and for many engineers, the mention of this topic stirs a mix of feelings ranging from fear to relief. Why fear? Because filters as a topic in […]
TCXOs for Silicon Lab ICs target network synchronizer, base station apps
Sunstu Electronics introduces the latest Stratum 3 TCXO specially designed for Silicon Lab ICs. These TCXOs come in small, ceramic SMD package delivered by Tape and Reel. The Stratum 3 clock serves to track input under normal operating conditions, but at a wider range than the Stratum 2. STX478 and STX479 both come in a […]
Rudiments of radiated EMI/EMC
Radiated emissions standards are generally more focused on higher-frequency noise sources. At about 30MHz, there is a transition between concern with conducted and radiated emissions. Above that frequency, conducted emissions are not usually a major problem. And below 30MHz, the various interconnects and conductors in most electronic systems are not effective antennas for emitting radiated […]
Conducted and coupled EMI/EMC concepts
In addition to the International Telecommunications Union (discussed in part 1 of this FAQ series), there are several organizations that define and regulate acceptable levels of conducted and radiated emissions from electronic devices. These various agencies have developed numerous standards generally based on the operational environment of the specific device. Effectively managing EMI is a […]
Ultra-low-jitter clock oscillators target high-frequency DSPs in optical apps
Raltron has launched an ultra-low-jitter clock oscillator family suitable for high-frequency digital signal processors (DSPs) in optical applications. The CL2520 LVDS clock oscillator series is designed to support optical modules commonly used in networking and data center applications. These include quad small form-factor pluggable (QSFP), octal small form-factor pluggable (OSFP), and C form-factor pluggable 2 […]
Lasers, optics, electronics and more yield terahertz sources, Part 1 – Context
The terahertz part of the electromagnetic spectrum between millimeter waves and optical range remains a largely untapped, difficult-to-use resource; researchers are investigating different techniques for efficiently generating terahertz waves to promote the use of this part of the spectrum. Electromagnetic energy in the terahertz (THz) region of the spectrum, nominally 300 GHz/0.3 THz to 10 […]
Sound design considerations for Class D amps
The first two FAQs in this series, “Class D Amplifiers for High-Efficiency Switched-Mode Sound” and “Class D Audio – Why Now?” focused on basic Class D amplifier topologies, modulation techniques, general component and technology advancements that have made Class D amplifiers an increasingly viable option, and the evolving tradeoffs between silicon and GaN power devices. […]
Class D audio – Why now?
Class D amplifiers were first proposed in the 1950s. Why have they only recently been gaining more widespread popularity? The answer involves several factors: There were no switching transistors that met the performance demands of Class D amplifiers until the 1980s. And it was not until the mid-1990s that Class D integrated circuits became available. […]
Class D amplifiers for high-efficiency switched-mode sound
Sound is an analog or linear phenomenon. Traditional audio amplifiers such as Class A and Class AB operate the amplifying transistors in the linear mode. Class A and AB amplifiers can provide clean sound, but are inefficient, like linear power supplies. Class D amplifiers are similar to switched-mode power supplies and use various pulse modulation […]
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