Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are almost the perfect amplifiers. As long as you keep a few important details in mind, they will seem perfect. In part 1, I gave a simplified explanation of how an op amp, functioning as a servo amplifier, amplifies a small signal by comparing it to the attenuated signal from the amplifier’s […]
FAQ
How to select automotive PCB-to-wire harness connectors
An automotive wiring harness routes electrical power and signals between various vehicle components. Within this system, PCB-to-wire harness interfaces use connectors to link discrete wiring bundles with board-mounted electronics. This article explores the fundamentals of PCB-to-wire harness interfaces and outlines connector electrical performance requirements across vehicle platforms. It also highlights the importance of mechanical stability, […]
How op amps work and why you should use them: part 1
Operational amplifiers (op amps) may initially look intimidating, but with a bit of study, they can be easily understood and used in a variety of applications. Op amps can be thought of as a perfect amplifier in a black box. When we create a design using an op amp, we initially presume that the device […]
RF directional couplers shrink in size, not performance: part 2
This essential measurement accessory for microwaves has morphed from waveguides down to tiny surface-mount components. Part 1 looks at the need for and the basic principles of directional couplers. This part explores some of the construction techniques and implementations. The basic arrangement of a single directional coupler is shown in Figure 1. There are two […]
Understanding ADC specs and architectures: part 1
Analog-to-digital converters are the heart of most test equipment, setting the stage for the digital processing of analog signals. Several posts over the past year or so have involved digital signal processing. For example, we have covered the fast Fourier transform (FFT), the inverse FFT, and discrete convolution. To perform these operations on real-world signals, […]
What are the different taxonomies of RFID tags, and how do they differ? part 1
The common way of categorizing RFID tags is based on how they utilize power for communication between the reader and the tag. They can also be classified based on operating frequency and absence/presence of chips. This first part of the FAQ will cover the passive, semi-passive, and active RFID tags categorized based on power. Types […]
What is a PLL for analog signals?
A phase-locked loop (PLL) for analog signals generates an output with a phase that’s precisely matched to the phase of an input reference. Analog PLLs are widely used in high-frequency applications like communication systems and scientific equipment that need low jitter and precise synchronization. This article begins by looking at how PLLs for analog signals […]
How AI and ML optimize functional verification for EDA
Functional verification ensures that the register transfer layer (RTL) implementation of semiconductor designs operates according to specified requirements. Electronic engineers typically perform functional verification using hardware verification languages (HVLs) such as SystemVerilog paired with the universal verification methodology (UVM). Other HVLs, such as VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) and Property Specification Language (PSL), may be […]
What is formal verification, and why is it important?
Formal verification uses mathematical analysis to ensure semiconductor designs perform as intended. Typically automated, it efficiently identifies critical design errors, such as deadlocks, race conditions, and unreachable states. This article reviews the fundamentals of formal verification in semiconductor design, explores its integration with simulation for comprehensive validation, and highlights strategies for optimizing implementation. Defining formal […]
Empowering innovation: OpenROAD and the future of open-source EDA
Many electronic design automation (EDA) tools remain out of reach for semiconductor startups and research organizations. However, a growing number of open-source EDA solutions are bridging the affordability gap and democratizing advanced chip design. This article discusses how tools like OpenROAD and OpenLane lower entry barriers, reduce development costs, and drive innovation. It also explores how […]
