By Timothy Hegarty, Applications Engineer, Texas Instruments This article compares electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements in automotive, industrial and defense product family standards, specifically various test parameters, test equipment, test setups and test methods for radiated emissions (REs). Much like the treatment of conducted emissions [1] in part 1 of this two-part article series, the […]
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Keeping the noise down
By Patrik Kalbermatten, KEMET Compact nanocrystalline single-phase filters that suppress electromagnetic interference from the power provide engineers with greater design flexibility. In our increasingly connected world, we are ever more dependent on electronic equipment and devices and the semiconductors contained within. It is perhaps no surprise, then, to find that demand for components that […]
A comparison of EMI test setups and specifications for automotive, industrial and defense applications, part 1: conducted emissions
by Timothy Hegarty, Applications Engineer, Texas Instruments This article compares electromagnetic interference (EMI) requirements in automotive, industrial, and defense product family standards, specifically various test parameters, test equipment, test setups, and test methods [1-4] for conducted emissions (CEs). The comparison includes widely used dedicated standards in each industry: Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques (CISPR) […]
Noise simulation and analysis with SPICE
When designing low noise circuits – signal conditioning circuits, amplifiers or analog to digital converter interfaces, for example – SPICE simulation can be helpful in ensuring you have a low noise solution, particularly where signal conditioning circuits are high gain. Input referred or output noise? One decision you need to make in noise analysis is […]
Basics of audio filters
By Diksha Nama, contributor, Engineers Garage An audio system is designed to receive audio signals (via microphone), record audio in some storage, transmit audio (through wired or wireless communication channels), and reproduce audio signals (via speakers). So, the audio circuits perform signal processing for representing the sound in the form of electrical signals, manipulate the […]
What is second-generation beamforming and digital beamforming?
Beamforming is an established technology for cellular communications and other applications (see the previous article on “What is beamforming?”). Beamforming was initially developed based on various analog signal chain techniques and processes. In general, beamforming combines antenna array elements to direct signals at controlled angles to maximize signal reception at specific receivers. Analog beamforming can […]
What is beamforming?
Beamforming is used in various applications, including sensor arrays, radar, biomedicine, WiFi, and wireless communications. It is an active approach that combines antenna array elements to direct signals at specific angles and create constructive interference. In contrast, other signals are subjected to destructive interference to maximize signal transmission and/or reception. Beamforming can improve the spatial […]
What is precoding and what are the benefits?
Precoding involves preprocessing of the transmit signal in an RF system. As described below, precoding uses channel state information at the transmitter to improve performance and increase spectral efficiency. It is used to implement the superposition of multiple beams, including several different data streams of information for spatial multiplexing. Precoding is the transmitter signal processing […]
What is the difference between current feedback and voltage feedback op amps?
Current feedback (CFB) operational amplifiers (op amps) and voltage feedback (VFB) op amps have almost as many similarities as differences. CFBs and VFBs both have inverting and non-inverting inputs, a signal output, inputs for positive and negative voltage supplies and use feedback and gain resistors to stabilize circuit operation and set circuit gain. That can […]
What is pseudorandomness and why is it useful?
Pseudorandomness is a measurement of the degree to which a sequence of numbers, though appearing to be random, is produced by a deterministic and repeatable process. True randomness is a stochastic quality of a sequence which has a probability distribution or pattern that may be analyzed statistically but may not be predicted precisely. Pseudorandom sequences […]
